ULKA VAISHAMPAYAN: So frequently, the question that arises is, Where should cytokine therapies be sequenced in the treatment of these malignancies? And typically, high dose IL-2 for melanoma and for renal cell, at least, has always been the front-line therapy. Now, with immune checkpoint inhibitors being frequently used and well established, I think our first assessment and evaluation, at least in the PD-1-approved tumors has to be post-PD-1 therapy.
Once you've shown efficacy there, and I think for nemvaleukin at least, ARTISTRY-1 demonstrated proof of principal efficacy in both melanoma and kidney cancer post-immune checkpoint therapy. I think in those tumors, it may be worthwhile to move the cytokine therapy to the front-line setting, maybe in combination with immune checkpoint to evaluate if there is better chance of response, as well as better chance of long-term remission induction that is produced with the combination.
For other malignancies, like the ones that we call the so-called cold tumors, such as ovarian cancer, for instance, also the immune checkpoint therapy or if cytokine therapy has a chance of inducing responses in combination with immune checkpoint therapies, those may be responsible for maybe being moved into the second-line or third-line setting after initial chemotherapy. Because currently, chemotherapy is so effective, for instance, in tumors like ovarian cancer, where initial response from the chemotherapy is required, and maybe then you do either consolidation or that induction of long-term remission with the cytokine therapy could be considered.
